Abdulla, R., 2011, “The Revolution Will Be Tweeted”, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs, Issue 3, pp. 41-49.
Anstead, N., Chadwick, A., “Parties, election campaigning, and the internet: toward a comparative institutional approach”, in Chadwick, A., Howard, P. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics, New York, Routledge, pp. 56-71.
Ayish M., 2012, “New Media in the Arab Spring Demystified! A Study of Satellite Television and Social Networks’ Role in Arab Political Transitions”, in Schmidt, C. (ed.), The Arab World: The Role of Media in the Arab World’s Transformation Process, Berlin, Vistas, pp. 97-116.
Badr H., Demmelhuber T., 2014, “Autoritäre Regime, Neue Medien und das Regimedilemma” (Authoritarian Regimes, New Media and the Regime Dilemma), Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen, Vol. 21, Issue 1, pp. 143 – 160.
Badr, H., 2013, “Battleground Facebook. Contestation Mechanisms in Egypt’s 2011 Revolution”, in Berenger, R. (Ed.), Social Media Go to War: Rage, Rebellion and Revolution in the Age of Twitter, Spokane, Washington, DC, 399-422
Bayat, A., 2015, “Revolution and Despair”, MadaMasr: http://www.madamasr.com/opinion/revolution-and-despair
Brettschneider,F., 2002, “Agenda-Setting”, in Jarren, O., Sarcinelli, U., Saxer, U. (Eds.), Politische Kommunikation in der demokratischen Gesellschaft (Political Communication in the democratic society), Opladen, Westdeutscher Verlag, pp. 635-636.
Burris, G., 2011, “Lawrence of E-rabia: Facebook and the New Arab Revolt”, Jaddaliyya: http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/2884/lawrence-of-e-rabia_facebook-and-the-new-arab-revo
Comunello, F., Anzera, G., 2012, “Will the revolution be tweeted? A conceptual framework for understanding the social media and the Arab Spring”, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Vol. 23, No.4, pp.453-470.
Dahlgren, P., 2000, “The Internet and the Democratization of Civic Culture”, Political Communication, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 335-340.
De Angelis E., Della Ratta, D., 2014. “Mind the Gap: Bridging Knowledge and Practices of Activism’ at the Fourth Arab Bloggers Meeting”, Jadaliyya: http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/18040/mind-the-gap_bridging-knowledge-and-practices-of-a
Diamond, L., 2010, “Liberation Technology”, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 69-83.
Dutton W., 2013, “The Internet and the Democratic Accountability: The Rise of the Fifth Estate”, Lee F., Leung L., Qiu J.L., Chu, D. (Eds.), Frontiers in New Media Research, New York, Routledge, pp. 39-55.
El Gody, A., 2009, “Das Mediensystem Ägyptens”, in Matzen, C. (Ed.), Internationales Handbuch Medien (International Handbook Media), 28th Edition, Baden-Baden, Nomos-Verlag, pp. 731–751.
El-Issawy, F., 2014, “Egyptian Media Under Transition: In the Name of the Regime…In the Name of the People? A Report of the Research Project”, Arab Revolutions: Media Revolutions, at the Media and Communications Department, London School of Economics (LSE).
Emmer, M.,Wolling, J., “Online-Kommunikation und politische Öffentlichkeit” (Online-Communication and political public sphere), in Schweiger W., Beck, K. (Eds.), Handbuch Online-Kommunikation, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag, pp. 36-58.
Fish, E., 2009, “Is Internet censorship compatible with democracy? Legal restrictions of online speech in South Korea”, Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 43-96.
Ghannam, J., 2011, Social Media in the Arab World: Leading up to the Uprisings of 2011, Washington, Center for International Media Assistance, pp. 42.
Habermas, J., 1990, Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit (Structural transformation of the public sphere), Frankfurt, Suhrkamp.
Habermas, J., 1998, Faktizität und Geltung (Faciticity and validity), Frankfurt, Suhrkamp.
Hafez, K., 2005, “Internet und Demokratisierung in der arabischen Welt: Eine Zwischenbilanz” (Internet and democratization in the Arab world: interim result), in Kerner, M., Müller, T. (Eds.) Gespaltene Welt? Technikzugänge in der Wissensgesellschaft. Köln, Böhlau Verlag, pp. 115-127.
Heydemann, S., Leenders, R., “Authoritarian Learning and Counter-Revolution”, in Lynch, M. (Ed.) The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, New York, Columbia University Press, pp.75-92.
Howard, P., Hussain, M., 2013, Democracy’s Fourth Wave? Digital Media and the Arab Spring. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Kepplinger, H. M., 2009, “Wirkungen der Massenmedien” (Mass Media Effects), in Noelle-Neuamnn, E., Schulz, E., Wilke, J. (eds), Fischer Lexikon Publizistik Massenkommunikation, Frankfurt am Main, Fischer Verlag, pp. 651-702.
Khamis, S., Vaughn, K., 2011, “Cyberactivism in the Egyptian Revolution: How Civic Engagement and Citizen Journalism Tilted the Balance”, Arab Media and Society, Issue 14: http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=769
Lamer, W., 2012, “Twitter and Tyrants: New Media and its Effects on Sovereignty in the Middle East”, Arab Media and Society, Issue 16: http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=798
Lim, M., 2012, “Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004–2011”, Journal of Communication, Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 231–248.
Lindsey, U., 2011, Revolution and Counter-Revolution in the Egyptian Media: http://www.merip.org/mero/mero021511
Loewenstein, A., 2008, The Blogging Revolution, Carlton, Melbourne University Press,
London, Routledge.
Lynch, M., 2013, “Twitter Devolutions, How social media is hurting the Arab Spring”, Foreign Policy: http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/02/07/twitter-devolutions/
Lynch, M., 2014 “Media, Old and New”, Lynch, M. (Ed.) The Arab Uprisings Explained: New Contentious Politics in the Middle East, New York, Columbia University Press, pp. 93-109.
Meraz, S., 2009, “Is There an Elite Hold? Traditional Media to Social Media Agenda Setting Influence in Blog Networks”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 682-707.
Mourtada, R., Salem, F., Al-Dabbagh, M., Gargani, G., 2011, “The Role of Social Media in Arab Women’s Empowerment”, Arab Social Media Report, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 1-25: http://www.arabsocialmediareport.com/UserManagement/PDF/ASMR%20Report%203.pdf
Nader, A., 2014, “President intervenes to reinstate suspended radio presenter”, Daily News Egypt: http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/12/03/president-intervenes-reinstate-suspended-radio-presenter/
Ortiz, I., Burke, S., Berrada, M., Cortés, H., 2013, World Protests 2006-2013, Initiative for Policy Dialogue and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung New York Working Paper: http://policydialogue.org/files/publications/World_Protests_2006-2013-Complete_and_Final_4282014.pdf
Osman, T., 2014, “Imagining An New Arab Order”, The Cairo Review of Global Affairs: http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=712
Pole, A., 2010, Blogging the political: Politics and participation in a networked society, New York, Routledge.
Rivetti, P., 2015, “Continuity and Change before and after the Uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt and Morocco: Regime Reconfiguration and Policymaking in North Africa”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 21, No.1, pp. 1-11.
Röhle, T., 2010, Der Google-Komplex: Über Macht im Zeitalter des Internets (The Google-Comlpex: On Power in the Age oft he Internet), Bielefeld, transcript, 266 pp.
Roll, S., 2013, Egypt’s Business Elite after Mubarak: A Powerful Player between Generals and Brotherhood, SWP Research Paper, Berlin, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 28 pp.
Schmidt, J., 2013, “Onlinebasierte Öffentlichkeiten: Praktiken, Arenen und Strukturen, (Online-based Public Spheres: practices, arenas and structures), in Fraas C., Meier S., Pentzold C. (Eds.), Online-Diskurse. Theorien und Methoden transmedialer Online-Diskursforschung, Köln, Herbert von Halem, pp. 35-56.
Shirky, C., 2011, “The political power of social media: Technology, the public sphere and political change”, Foreign Affairs: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67038/clay-shirky/the-political-power-of-social-media
Stromer-Galley J., Wichowski A., 2013, “Political discussion online”, in Consalvo, M., Ess, C., (Eds.), The Handbook of Internet Studies, Malden, Wiley-Blackwell, pp.168-187.
Sunstein, C., 2009, Republic.com 2.0, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 272 pp.
Trénel, M., 2009, “Facilitation and Inclusive Deliberation”, Davies, T., Gangadharan, S. P. (Eds.), Online Deliberation: Design, Research, and Practice, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, pp.253-257.
Tufekci, Z., 2014, “Social Movements and Governments in the Digital Age: Evaluating A Complex Landscape”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
Tufekci, Z., Wilson C., 2012, “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square”, Journal of Communication, Vol. 62, Issue 2, pp. 363–379.
UNESCO, 2013, Assessment of Media Development in Egypt based on UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators, Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002207/220742E.pdf
Ward, S., Gibson, R., 2010, “European political organizations and the internet: mobilization, participation, and change”, in Chadwick, A. Howard, P. (ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics, New York, Routledge, pp. 25-39.
Wimmer, J., 2007, (Gegen-)Öffentlichkeit in der Mediengesellschaft: Analyse eines medialen Spannungsverhältnisses (Counter-public sphere in the media society: Analysis of a tension relation), Wiesbaden, VS Verlag.
Wu, J., Sun H., Tan, Y., 2013, “Social Media Research: A Review”, Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 257-282.